New York edition

Robinhood Chain went to public mainnet on 1 July 2026 as an Ethereum layer 2 built on Arbitrum. Official docs still describe it as permissionless, EVM-compatible, and aimed at tokenized stocks and other real-world assets, with ETH as gas. In practice, a late-August memecoin wave made it one of the most expensive networks. CoinDesk said applications earned $2.7 million on 30 August, with token launcher Pons and memecoin terminal GMGN supplying about $2 million as users created 22,600 tokens in 24 hours. At the early-September peak the chain took about $8 million in fees on 13.1 million transactions, or about 64 cents each. By 16 September that was about 2.6 cents. CoinDesk's seven-day comparison through 16 September has Pons volume down 37% to about $616 million and Pons protocol revenue down to $5.8 million, while Uniswap V3 volume on the chain more than doubled to $5.3 billion and Uniswap V4 fell 22% to $4.9 billion. Weekly DEX volume across venues rose 5% to about $12.8 billion to $13 billion. Solana DEX volume in the same week was about $17 billion, down 8%, so the data does not show Robinhood users simply moving there. deBridge flows were a modest net $2 million from Robinhood Chain to Solana. growthepie's 19 September snapshot still ranks the chain first among tracked networks by transaction count, with daily active addresses around 414,000. App revenue on that print was about $6.12 million, far above chain fees. These are third-party indexed figures, not a Robinhood audited report, and they do not split tokenized stocks from memecoins.

Robinhood Chain is a permissionless Ethereum-compatible layer 2 (chain ID 4663) that Robinhood launched on public mainnet on 1 July 2026. Official docs say it is built on Arbitrum technology, uses ETH for gas, and is aimed at tokenized real-world assets as well as open DeFi. In practice, much of the early trading has run through third-party launchpads and Uniswap-style pools rather than through Robinhood-operated token issuance. Robinhood Crypto's 18 September posts gave no methodology for the $60 billion cumulative DEX figure and did not name a data vendor. Independent write-ups earlier in September described Pons and other launchpads as the main fee engines, so readers should not read the milestone as proof that tokenized-stock volume now dominates the chain. Separately, Robinhood Non-Custodial's Wallet promo page states that network fees on eligible crypto and stock-token swaps inside the Robinhood Wallet app remain covered from chain launch through 11:59 p.m. Eastern on 31 December 2026, with a $0.50 minimum swap, no extra frequency cap, and the right to change or end the offer without notice. That is the current official term sheet, not a dated announcement of an extension. Third-party wallets have been paying gas already.

Robinhood Chain is Robinhood's permissionless Ethereum Layer 2, built on Arbitrum technology, using ETH for gas and aimed at tokenized stocks and onchain apps. HOOD Summit is the company's annual event. A 10 August newsroom post already set Houston for 29-30 September. The 16 September teaser does not change those dates. In late September, Central Time is daylight time (UTC-5), so 5:30 p.m. CT is 22:30 UTC. Specific chain, wallet or brokerage features remain unnamed until the keynote.

Switchboard launched in 2021 as a customizable data layer. Its 2022 permissionless feed builder let teams create their own onchain data sources instead of waiting on a gated oracle list. The 18 September foundation post says that model lost pricing power as AI made homemade oracles cheaper, new chain launches slowed, and protocols began licensing data directly, pointing to Hyperliquid's partnership with S&P as an example. It also says other contributors and node operators are stepping back. Switchboard Technology Labs Inc. is described as a core development contributor to the protocol and the Switchboard Protocol Foundation Group, not as a remaining operator. The notice does not publish a list of live Solana or multi-chain integrations, a TVL figure, or the exploits it mentions. Secondary roundups repeated the Pyth and RedStone guidance. No Kamino, Jito, Drift, or MarginFi statement appeared in official Switchboard posts or those protocols' accounts during this check, so those names should not be treated as confirmed dependents from this evidence. Users should inspect each app's oracle documentation and onchain feed accounts rather than assume a named Solana protocol is or is not exposed.

Sunrise lists assets for trading on Solana. Yesterday it listed Rumble's RUM through Backpack Securities. Today's PEPE posts do not repeat that Backpack Securities issuance language, so the legal wrapper, if any, is not stated in the primary posts. @solana described PEPE as one of the largest memecoins, built around the recognizable frog, and told users to verify the address on Orb Markets. The listed apps are routing venues, not proof of deep liquidity or of a canonical bridge from Ethereum. Fake PEPE mints are common on Solana. The evidence is the listing and app-availability notices, not onchain volume, holder counts, or a published prospectus.

Sunrise, built by Wormhole Labs, is the gateway Solana has been using to put outside assets onto one canonical mint with day-one DEX markets. Backpack Securities is the brokerage name Sunrise attached to this listing. Cypherpunk Technologies is a U.S.-listed company whose common stock trades under CYPH. The 18 September posts confirm only that a Sunrise listing went live and that Sunrise designated a canonical mint. They do not, by themselves, prove 1:1 share backing, dividend rights, or who may hold the token. Readers should verify the mint on explorers and any Backpack Securities product terms before assuming it matches a regular brokerage share. The listing landed the same day Sunrise also listed PEPE, so the two products share a venue but not an issuer model.

Coinbase Tokenized Stocks are meant to represent real share ownership held by a custodian, including events such as dividends and splits, rather than a synthetic price token. @base has repeatedly said they are only available in eligible jurisdictions outside the United States. The $1 billion figure is an official Base claim. This check did not independently re-tally DEX prints. Base's 19 September recap also said network stablecoin market cap had reached $5 billion and that Cobalt will add validity transactions, which execute only when stated onchain conditions are met. Separate Morpho markets for borrowing USDC against a small set of those stock tokens were already live before this window, with early usage still small in 18 September coverage, and those markets are not for U.S. persons. Readers should treat the $1 billion headline as cumulative activity on Base, not as proof of deep, two-sided liquidity in every ticker.

Account abstraction is the effort to make crypto wallets work more like normal apps: passkeys instead of seed phrases, apps paying fees, and several steps in one click. Base and Ethereum spent months trying to agree on one transaction format. Those talks failed, leaving EIP-8130 and EIP-8141 on separate tracks. CoinDesk reported that wallets covering both networks may have to support two formats. On 19 September Base's own recap added that EIP-8130 would ship later this year and that Cobalt will introduce validity transactions, meaning signed transactions that the chain includes only if onchain conditions match. The official Cobalt overview still does not list EIP-8130 among Cobalt features. Sepolia is marked for 23 September and mainnet for 30 September. Those dates are announced shipping targets, not a guarantee, and they have no hour attached on the docs page. This still matters because Base is pushing B20 stock tokens, Coinbase Wallet, and consumer apps that will inherit whichever wallet standard actually ships.

Arc is Circle's USDC-gas layer 1, which opened public mainnet on 16 September. x402 is a pay-per-request protocol that uses HTTP 402-style payment challenges so a buyer, including software, can pay a seller in stablecoins. Facilitator Service is Circle's hosted seller-side component: the seller points an HTTP API at Circle, Circle screens both parties, pays settlement gas, and broadcasts the transfer. Docs say a Circle API key is required to settle, with a keyless trial available without a Circle account. Earlier reports quoted Circle CEO Jeremy Allaire saying the facilitator was live around mainnet. Today's @circle post is the company's public product notice in this window. Features may change, and Circle says the service is not approved by a regulator.

Arc is Circle's layer 1 for dollar settlement and agent payments. Public mainnet opened on 16 September, and launch materials already named Portal among day-one tools. The 18 September post is the dedicated user-facing go-live, with Portal presenting itself as one place from first visit to first action. cirBTC is Circle's bitcoin product: Arc told holders of supported wrapped bitcoin on Ethereum to swap into cirBTC there, then bridge to Arc. Portal's earn module names Circle Guarded vaults on the website and Morpho on the Arc post, so users should read the specific vault they deposit into. Disclosures on the site say products have not been reviewed by NYDFS or another regulator, availability varies by jurisdiction, and transactions can be irreversible.

Arc opened public mainnet on 16 September as Circle's USDC-gas chain. Microgrants sit beside Arc Studio and Portal as a way for early apps to get a $500 USDC payout after verification, rather than a priced token sale or a guaranteed venture round. The program still requires a live mainnet link. Circle and Arc already-funded work is excluded. The close time is announced, not a promise that 20 awards will be paid.

Haruko sells portfolio, risk, and trade-data infrastructure to digital-asset firms. Its site says it connects more than 80 clients to over 100 centralized venues, 30 blockchains, and 250 onchain protocols. CoinDesk reviewed client messages in which Carlile called the event a targeted attack on Haruko itself. The company said customer login credentials on the clients' own systems were not taken. Read-only exchange APIs usually cannot withdraw funds, so the reported theft, if accurate, implies another path that Haruko has not described. CoinDesk updated the story at 18:42 UTC on 18 September with 3iQ's comment that its funds remained secure and that API access was IP-restricted. GSR said it had not been impacted. Bitcoin Suisse, Flowdesk, M2, Ampersan, MNNC Group, and Trovio did not reply before that update. Haruko has not published a public incident note in the sources checked here. The amount stolen, the attacker, and whether trading data was used elsewhere remain unconfirmed.

Payward is the parent of Kraken, Bitnomial, and NinjaTrader. Perpetual futures are derivatives with no expiry that use a funding rate to track an underlying price. They give leveraged long or short exposure without owning the shares. Payward already offers CFTC-regulated crypto perps in the U.S. through Bitnomial. This filing would extend that model to individual stocks. The company wants 24/5 trading so positions can be adjusted when cash equities are closed, and it says it is still talking to regulators about a later 24/7 structure. NinjaTrader Clearing, LLC doing business as Kraken Derivatives US is the named futures commission merchant. The press release warns that futures and security futures can involve substantial risk and losses beyond the initial stake. Coinbase's same-day U.S. single-stock perp filing is a separate venue race, not a joint launch.

Perpetual futures have no expiry and usually use funding payments to track an index. They do not confer voting rights or dividends. Coinbase already offers some U.S. perpetual futures on crypto and indexes, and it has offered stock perps to eligible non-U.S. users. Crypto.com and Kalshi have also pursued stock-linked derivatives through different structures. The 17 September SEC Innovation Exemption covers permissioned trading of tokenized NMS stock that keeps the same rights as the listed share. These proposed perps are a separate CFTC product. Press reports say launch could come later this year if approved. That is not a dated guarantee.